Wrongful death is a claim against a person who can be held liable for a death. The claim is brought in a civil action, usually by close relatives, as enumerated by statute.
Any type of fatal accident caused by negligence can result in a wrongful death claim, including auto accidents caused by another driver, dangerous roadway or defective vehicles, medical malpractice, and abuse. Dangerous roadway claims result from deaths caused in whole or in part by the condition of the roadway.
In most common law jurisdictions, there was no common law right to recover civil damages for the wrongful death of a person. Under common law, a dead person cannot bring a suit, and this created an anomaly in which activities that resulted in a person’s injury would result in civil sanction, but activities that resulted in a person’s death would not. Some jurisdictions recognized a common law right of recovery for wrongful death, reasoning that “there is no present public policy against allowing recovery for wrongful death.” In other jurisdictions the cause of action did not exist until the passage of a wrongful death statute.
Jurisdictions that recognize the common law right to recovery for wrongful death have used the right to fill in gaps in statutes or to apply common law principles to decisions. Many jurisdictions enacted statutes to create a right to such recovery. The issue of liability will be determined by the tort law of a given state or nation.
The standard of proof in the United States is typically preponderance of the evidence as opposed to clear and convincing or beyond a reasonable doubt. In Australia and the United Kingdom, the burden of proof in a wrongful death action is ‘on the balance of probabilities’. For this reason it may be possible for a family to seek retribution against someone who kills or is accused of killing a family member through tort than a criminal prosecution, which has a higher burden of proof. However, the two actions are not mutually exclusive; a person may be prosecutedcriminally for causing a person’s death (whether in the form of murder, manslaughter, criminally negligent homicide, or some other theory) and that person can also be sued civilly in a wrongful death action (as in the O.J. Simpson murder case).
To an extent, people can protect themselves from wrongful death lawsuits by having the participants sign a waiver.
“Wrongful death” is a cause of action, or type of claim, that can be brought when one person or entity wrongfully causes someone’s death. It allows a lawsuit to be filed even though the person who was harmed is no longer alive to bring the case. Typically, each state has its own wrongful death statute, and although the details of the statutes vary significantly from state to state, most can be traced back to Lord Campbell’s Act, passed by the United Kingdom’s Parliament in 1864. In some states, the family of the decedent must bring two different types of claims: a “wrongful death” claim to recover the “full value of the life” of the deceased, and a claim on behalf of the decedent’s estate to recover for funeral expenses, pain and suffering, or punitive damages.
Each state has different laws regarding wrongful death claims. In most states, the statute of limitations (time limit to file a case) varies according to how the death occurred. For example, in Georgia many wrongful death claims have a statute of limitations of two years – but there are many exceptions, including: when alcohol is involved, when a public body is involved, or in product liability claims.
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